Journal Description
Vaccines
Vaccines
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, Embase, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Immunology) / CiteScore - Q1 (Pharmacology (medical))
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 18.6 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.3 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2024).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
5.2 (2023);
5-Year Impact Factor:
4.9 (2023)
Latest Articles
Shigella Mutant with Truncated O-Antigen as an Enteric Multi-Pathogen Vaccine Platform
Vaccines 2025, 13(5), 506; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050506 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Rising antibiotic resistance underscores the urgent need for effective vaccines against shigellosis. Our previous research identified the Shigella flexneri 2a truncated mutant (STM), a wzy gene knock-out strain cultivated in shake-flasks, as a promising broadly protective Shigella vaccine candidate. Expanding on
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Background/Objectives: Rising antibiotic resistance underscores the urgent need for effective vaccines against shigellosis. Our previous research identified the Shigella flexneri 2a truncated mutant (STM), a wzy gene knock-out strain cultivated in shake-flasks, as a promising broadly protective Shigella vaccine candidate. Expanding on this finding, our current study explores the feasibility of transitioning to a fermentor-grown STM as a vaccine candidate for further clinical development. Methods: The STM and STM-Cj, engineered to express the conserved Campylobacter jejuni N-glycan antigen, were grown in animal-free media, inactivated with formalin, and evaluated for key antigen retention and immunogenicity in mice. Results: The fermentor-grown STM exhibited significantly increased production yields and retained key antigens after inactivation. Immunization with the STM, particularly along with the double-mutant labile toxin (dmLT) adjuvant, induced robust immune responses to the conserved proteins IpaB, IpaC, and PSSP-1. Additionally, it provided protection against homologous and heterologous Shigella challenges in a mouse pulmonary model. The STM-Cj vaccine elicited antibody responses specific to the N-glycan while maintaining protective immune responses against Shigella. These findings underscore the potential of the fermentor-grown STM as a safe and immunogenic vaccine platform for combating shigellosis and possibly other gastrointestinal bacterial infections. Conclusions: Further process development to optimize growth and key antigen expression as well as expanded testing in additional animal models for the assessment of protection against Shigella and Campylobacter are needed to build on these encouraging initial results. Ultimately, clinical trials are essential to evaluate the efficacy and safety of STM-based vaccines in humans.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Scientific Advances in Vaccines for Shigella)
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Open AccessArticle
Exploring Patient Trust in Healthcare Provider Influenza Vaccine Information and Recommendations in a Medically Underserved Area of Washington State
by
Damianne Brand, Megan Giruzzi, Nick Giruzzi, Kavya Vaitla, Rose Krebill-Prather, Juliet Dang and Kimberly McKeirnan
Vaccines 2025, 13(5), 505; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050505 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2025
Abstract
Background/Objective: Patients have historically trusted healthcare providers to be a reliable source of health information. However, with the recent pandemic and subsequent recovery, understanding and developing patients’ trust has become even more important, especially regarding vaccine acceptance. The objective of this work
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Background/Objective: Patients have historically trusted healthcare providers to be a reliable source of health information. However, with the recent pandemic and subsequent recovery, understanding and developing patients’ trust has become even more important, especially regarding vaccine acceptance. The objective of this work is to explore the current level of trust that rural patients have in their healthcare providers concerning influenza vaccination and related recommendations and its impact on vaccine uptake in a rural county in Washington State. Methods: An anonymous survey was conducted by a survey research center using a random sampling of 3000 addresses for people living in Yakima County in Washington State. Yakima County has a high percentage of people who identify as Hispanic or Latino/a and is a medically underserved area. The survey was designed to evaluate factors influencing the decision to be vaccinated against influenza and the level of trust in information from healthcare providers. Results: Results showed that participants who had been vaccinated against influenza in the previous five years were more likely to trust the advice of their primary care provider (p < 0.001), specialty care provider (p < 0.001), pharmacist (p = 0.02), and nurse (p = 0.002). People who were not vaccinated against influenza in the last five years were statistically more likely to report that a recommendation from a healthcare provider would not make a difference in their decision (p < 0.001). People who were vaccinated were more likely to utilize healthcare providers as a source of information about the influenza vaccine (p < 0.001) and people who were unvaccinated were more likely to use their own personal research as a trusted information source (p = 0.04). Conclusions: Healthcare providers continue to be well regarded and trusted by their patients, especially in rurally located counties, though work still needs to be carried out around influenza vaccination importance messaging. This work identified that all healthcare providers need to work collaboratively to reinforce vaccination guideline recommendations and to both provide education and continue successful access-to-vaccination strategies to promote influenza prevention.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue SARS-CoV-2, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses: Preventive Measures Affecting the Determinants of Health and Disease)
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Open AccessCorrection
Correction: Ma et al. A Plant-Produced Recombinant Fusion Protein-Based Newcastle Disease Subunit Vaccine and Rapid Differential Diagnosis Platform. Vaccines 2020, 8, 122
by
Fanshu Ma, Erqin Zhang, Qingmei Li, Qianru Xu, Jiquan Ou, Heng Yin, Kunpeng Li, Li Wang, Xiangyue Zhao, Xiangxiang Niu, Xueyang Li, Shenli Zhang, Yanan Wang, Ruiguang Deng, Enmin Zhou and Gaiping Zhang
Vaccines 2025, 13(5), 504; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050504 - 9 May 2025
Abstract
The authors would like to make the following correction to this published paper [...]
Full article
Open AccessSystematic Review
Indirect Effects of Universal Infant Rotavirus Vaccination: A Narrative Systematic Review
by
Darren Suryawijaya Ong, Matthew Harris, John D. Hart and Fiona M. Russell
Vaccines 2025, 13(5), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050503 - 9 May 2025
Abstract
Background/Objective: Rotavirus is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children <5 years. While rotavirus vaccines are effective in reducing AGE, limited data on their indirect effects exist. The aim of our narrative systematic review was to summarise the indirect effects of
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Background/Objective: Rotavirus is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children <5 years. While rotavirus vaccines are effective in reducing AGE, limited data on their indirect effects exist. The aim of our narrative systematic review was to summarise the indirect effects of rotavirus vaccines on unvaccinated children and adults (PROSPERO: CRD42023418015). Methods: Peer-reviewed articles and conference abstracts were searched through Medline, Embase and PubMed on 8 December 2024. Observational studies of national/regional vaccine introduction were included. We included five outcomes: rotavirus–AGE inpatient admissions, rotavirus–AGE outpatient attendances, all-cause AGE inpatient admissions, all-cause AGE outpatient attendances, and stool rotavirus positivity. Outcome measures reported as percent reduction or individual incidence rates for the pre- and post-introduction periods were transformed to incidence rate ratios (IRRs). Median IRRs and interquartile ranges (IQRs) were calculated for each outcome by age group (<5, 5–19, and >18 years). Results: From an initial 757 articles, 44 studies including 9,327,974 participants were included. In unvaccinated children <5 years, there were reductions in rotavirus–AGE admissions (median IRR: 0.62, IQR: 0.40–0.82), rotavirus–AGE outpatient attendances (0.74, 0.16–0.98), all-cause AGE admissions (0.70, 0.56–0.86), and stool rotavirus positivity (0.42, 0.31–0.57), but not all-cause AGE outpatient attendances (0.92, 0.78–1.17). Few studies reported these outcomes for children and adolescents aged 5–19 years and adults >18 years. Indirect effects appeared to be greater in higher income and lower under-five mortality settings. Conclusions: Understanding these indirect benefits is crucial for evaluating the broader impact and cost-effectiveness of rotavirus immunisation programs.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Concepts in Vaccines in Public Health)
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Open AccessOpinion
Unlocking mRNA Vaccine Potential in Liver Cancer Treatment via Synergistic Bile Acid Modulation
by
Yuqian Wang, Rui Han and Changquan Ling
Vaccines 2025, 13(5), 502; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050502 - 9 May 2025
Abstract
This Letter to the Editor explores synergistic mechanisms enhancing mRNA cancer vaccine efficacy through bile acid metabolism modulation in liver cancer treatment. The latest evidence indicates that bile acids significantly impair T cell function within the liver cancer microenvironment, creating an immunosuppressive milieu
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This Letter to the Editor explores synergistic mechanisms enhancing mRNA cancer vaccine efficacy through bile acid metabolism modulation in liver cancer treatment. The latest evidence indicates that bile acids significantly impair T cell function within the liver cancer microenvironment, creating an immunosuppressive milieu that hampers anti-tumor responses. Modulating bile acid composition, particularly increasing ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), could reshape the tumor microenvironment (TME) to favor mRNA vaccine-induced T cell activity—a promising strategy to overcome current immunotherapy limitations in liver cancer.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment: Challenges and Future Prospects)
Open AccessArticle
Safety and Influenza Infections in Children Aged 6–35 Months Receiving Cell Culture-Derived Inactivated Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine During the 2023–2024 Influenza Season in South Korea
by
Hye Eun Lee, Seong-Beom Park, Hye-Young Kim, Sun Heom Baik, Kyungyeon Jung, Juhwan Kim and Ji Young Park
Vaccines 2025, 13(5), 501; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050501 - 8 May 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Influenza poses a significant risk for young children, particularly those under five. Cell culture-derived influenza vaccines offer advantages in reducing adaptive changes and mitigating egg allergy concerns. SKYCellflu® quadrivalent has been in use since 2015, and this study aimed to assess
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Background/Objectives: Influenza poses a significant risk for young children, particularly those under five. Cell culture-derived influenza vaccines offer advantages in reducing adaptive changes and mitigating egg allergy concerns. SKYCellflu® quadrivalent has been in use since 2015, and this study aimed to assess its safety and influenza infections in children aged 6–35 months in South Korea. Methods: A prospective cohort, non-interventional, multi-center post-marketing surveillance study was conducted from 2020 to 2024. This study presents data from the 2023–2024 influenza season on safety and influenza infections in children aged 6–35 months following SKYCellflu® vaccination. Safety was assessed based on adverse events (AEs) within 28 days post-vaccination, and influenza infections were assessed via phone calls or medical record screening. Results: Among 333 safety set participants, 54.4% reported at least one AE, with most being mild to moderate. The cumulative incidence of influenza infections among 247 ad hoc subsets was 4.5%, and the incidence rate was 1.3 per 100 person-months (95% CI, 0.7–2.4) during the 2023–2024 influenza season. The two-dose regimen in vaccine-naïve infants aged 6–11 months showed a lower cumulative incidence of influenza infection rate (0.8% vs. 3.8%) and incidence rate (0.3 vs. 0.9 per 100 person-months) than the one-dose group (3.8%). No influenza-related hospitalizations occurred within the ad hoc subset. Conclusions: This study demonstrated a tolerable safety profile and the pattern of influenza infections following SKYCellflu® vaccination. Additionally, the two-dose regimen was associated with a lower incidence of influenza infections, suggesting potential benefits in enhancing protection among infants aged 6–11 months.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccine Development for Influenza Virus)
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Open AccessArticle
Single-Domain Antibodies That Specifically Recognize Intact Capsids of Multiple Foot-and-Mouth Disease Serotype O Strains
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Michiel M. Harmsen, Nishi Gupta, Quillan Dijkstra, Sandra van de Water, Marga van Setten and Aldo Dekker
Vaccines 2025, 13(5), 500; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050500 - 8 May 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Intact (146S) foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) particles easily dissociate into 12S particles with a concomitant decreased immunogenicity. Vaccine quality control with 146S-specific single-domain antibodies (VHHs) is hampered by the high strain specificity of most 146S-specific VHHs. This study aimed to isolate 146S-specific
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Background/Objectives: Intact (146S) foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) particles easily dissociate into 12S particles with a concomitant decreased immunogenicity. Vaccine quality control with 146S-specific single-domain antibodies (VHHs) is hampered by the high strain specificity of most 146S-specific VHHs. This study aimed to isolate 146S-specific VHHs that recognize all serotype O strains. Methods: Biopanning was performed with the FMDV strain O/SKR/7/2010 146S, using a secondary library of mutagenized M170F VHH that did not recognize O/SKR/7/2010 or using phage-display libraries from llamas immunized with other serotype O strains. Novel VHHs were yeast-produced and their strain-, particle-, and antigenic-site specificities were determined by ELISA. Results: M170F mutagenesis did not improve the cross-reaction with O/SKR/7/2010. However, selection from immune libraries resulted in four VHHs that exhibited high 146S specificity for all five serotype O strains analyzed. These VHHs presumably recognize all serotype O strains since the five strains analyzed represent different phylogenetic clades. They bind the same antigenic site as M170F, which was previously shown to be a conserved site in serotypes A and O, and which has an altered 3D structure when 146S dissociates into 12S particles. M916F had the lowest limit of detection, which varied from 0.7 to 5.9 ng/mL 146S particles for three serotype O strains. Conclusions: We identified four VHHs (M907F, M910F, M912F, and M916F) that specifically bind 146S particles of probably all serotype O strains. They enable further improved FMDV vaccine quality control.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccine and Vaccination in Veterinary Medicine)
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Open AccessRetraction
RETRACTED: Umakanthan et al. COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Resistance in India Explored through a Population-Based Longitudinal Survey. Vaccines 2021, 9, 1064
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Srikanth Umakanthan, Sonal Patil, Naveen Subramaniam and Ria Sharma
Vaccines 2025, 13(5), 499; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050499 - 8 May 2025
Abstract
The journal retracts the article, titled “COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Resistance in India Explored through a Population-Based Longitudinal Survey” [...]
Full article
Open AccessReview
The New Era of Pneumococcal Vaccination in Adults: What Is Next?
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Lale Ozisik
Vaccines 2025, 13(5), 498; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050498 - 7 May 2025
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae remains the leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia in adults and bacterial meningitis in children worldwide. In addition to pneumonia, invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPDs), such as bacteremia and meningitis, pose a significant burden, particularly among older adults and individuals with underlying comorbidities.
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Streptococcus pneumoniae remains the leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia in adults and bacterial meningitis in children worldwide. In addition to pneumonia, invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPDs), such as bacteremia and meningitis, pose a significant burden, particularly among older adults and individuals with underlying comorbidities. These diseases lead to substantial morbidity and mortality. Pneumococcal vaccination has been a cornerstone of disease prevention, reducing incidence and antimicrobial resistance. Recent advances in understanding S. pneumoniae epidemiology, genomic diversity, and the real-world impact of conjugate vaccines have driven the development and licensure of new-generation pneumococcal vaccines with expanded serotype coverage. Introducing 15-valent (PCV15), 20-valent (PCV20), and 21-valent (PCV21) conjugate vaccines has reshaped pneumococcal immunization strategies, particularly in adults, replacing previous sequential vaccine recommendations in many settings. In parallel, emerging epidemiological data and shifts in pneumococcal serotype distribution continue to influence vaccine policy decisions and immunization guidelines worldwide. In light of these advancements, adult pneumococcal vaccination recommendations continuously evolve to enhance protection in high-risk populations and optimize long-term immunity. This review provides an updated overview of the pneumococcal disease burden, the evolution of pneumococcal vaccines, and the latest immunization strategies in an expanding vaccine landscape. Additionally, we discuss future directions in pneumococcal vaccine development and the potential impact of novel vaccination approaches on public health outcomes.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines and Vaccine Preventable Diseases)
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Open AccessArticle
A QS21 + CpG-Adjuvanted Trivalent HSV-2 Vaccine and Trivalent HSV-2 mRNA Vaccine Induce a Strong Immune Response, Protect Against HSV-2 Infection, and Cross-Protect Against HSV-1 Infection in Mice
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Han Cao, Xiaolong Zhang, Jishuai Cheng, Yang Li, Ning Luan, Jingping Hu, Bingyan Liang, Haihao Zhang, Dandan Gao, Zhentao Lei, Yufeng Yao and Cunbao Liu
Vaccines 2025, 13(5), 497; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050497 - 6 May 2025
Abstract
Background: HSV-2 infection continues to be a significant global health concern, as there are no approved vaccines despite numerous attempts at development. Methods: This study explored the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of aluminum- or QS21 + CpG-adjuvanted trivalent HSV-2 vaccines and a trivalent
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Background: HSV-2 infection continues to be a significant global health concern, as there are no approved vaccines despite numerous attempts at development. Methods: This study explored the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of aluminum- or QS21 + CpG-adjuvanted trivalent HSV-2 vaccines and a trivalent HSV-2 mRNA vaccine incorporating the gC2, gD2, and gE2 antigens. Results: Our results demonstrated that the QS21 + CpG-adjuvanted subunit vaccine and mRNA vaccines successfully induced robust antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses and provided significant protection against both HSV-2 and HSV-1 infection. These vaccines showed remarkable efficiency in reducing the viral load and preventing clinical symptoms in mice, highlighting their potential for clinical application. Conversely, the aluminum-adjuvanted vaccine exhibited limited effectiveness, emphasizing the superiority of the QS21 + CpG-adjuvanted and mRNA vaccines. Conclusions: These findings provide valuable insights for the continued development of effective HSV vaccines and suggest promising strategies for preventing both HSV-2 and HSV-1 infection.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Vaccine Designs to Enhance the Engagement of Innate and Adaptive Immunity)
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Open AccessReview
Harnessing Dendritic Cell Function in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Advances in Immunotherapy and Therapeutic Strategies
by
Shiding Ying, Haiyan Liu, Yongliang Zhang and Yu Mei
Vaccines 2025, 13(5), 496; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050496 - 4 May 2025
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Conventional therapies are frequently limited by tumor heterogeneity and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Dendritic cells (DCs), central to orchestrating antitumor immunity, have become key targets for HCC immunotherapy. This review examines
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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Conventional therapies are frequently limited by tumor heterogeneity and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Dendritic cells (DCs), central to orchestrating antitumor immunity, have become key targets for HCC immunotherapy. This review examines the biological functions of DC subsets (cDC1, cDC2, pDC, and moDC) and their roles in initiating and modulating immune responses against HCC. We detail the mechanisms underlying DC impairment within the TME, including suppression by regulatory T cells (Tregs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Additionally, we discuss novel DC-based therapeutic strategies, such as DC-based vaccines designed to enhance antigen presentation and T cell activation. Combining DC vaccines with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 blockers, demonstrates synergistic effects that can overcome immune evasion and improve clinical outcomes. Despite progress, challenges related to DC subset heterogeneity, TME complexity, and patient variability require the further optimization and personalization of DC-based therapies. Future research should focus on refining these strategies, leveraging advanced technologies like genomic profiling and artificial intelligence, to maximize therapeutic efficacy and revolutionize HCC treatment. By restoring DC function and reprogramming the TME, DC-based immunotherapy holds immense potential to transform the management of HCC and improve patient survival.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dendritic Cells (DCs) and Cancer Immunotherapy)
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Open AccessArticle
Attenuating Mutations in Usutu Virus: Towards Understanding Orthoflavivirus Virulence Determinants and Live Attenuated Vaccine Design
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Johanna M. Duyvestyn, Peter J. Bredenbeek, Marie J. Gruters, Ali Tas, Tessa Nelemans, Marjolein Kikkert and Martijn J. van Hemert
Vaccines 2025, 13(5), 495; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050495 - 3 May 2025
Abstract
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Background/Objectives: Understanding virulence determinants can inform safer and more efficacious live attenuated vaccine design. However, applying this knowledge across related viruses does not always result in conserved phenotypes from similar mutants. Methods: Using Usutu virus (USUV), an emerging orthoflavivirus spreading through Europe, we
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Background/Objectives: Understanding virulence determinants can inform safer and more efficacious live attenuated vaccine design. However, applying this knowledge across related viruses does not always result in conserved phenotypes from similar mutants. Methods: Using Usutu virus (USUV), an emerging orthoflavivirus spreading through Europe, we assessed whether the attenuating effect of the mutations described for related orthoflaviviruses is conserved. Candidate attenuating mutations were selected based on previous studies in other orthoflaviviruses and incorporated into USUV. Results: Nine variants, with mutations in the USUV envelope, non-structural (NS) proteins NS1, NS2A, or NS4B were stable and selected for further characterisation. The variants with an attenuating phenotype in cell culture were then compared to the wild-type virus in an Ifnar−/− mouse model. Mutations of the envelope glycosylation sites and glycosaminoglycan binding sites, which were recognised as more-conserved mechanisms of orthoflavivirus attenuation, were attenuating in USUV as well. However, not all the mutations explored in the USUV non-structural proteins exhibited an attenuated phenotype. Instead, the attenuation was either less pronounced, or there was no change in phenotype relative to the wild-type virus at all. Conclusions: In addition to improving our understanding of USUV virulence determinants, these results add to a growing body of literature highlighting the most promising mechanisms to target for the design of safe live attenuated vaccines against emerging orthoflaviviruses.
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Open AccessReview
Bovine Adenoviral Vector-Based Platform for Vaccine Development
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Ekramy E. Sayedahmed, Vivek Gairola, Muralimanohara S. T. Murala and Suresh K. Mittal
Vaccines 2025, 13(5), 494; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050494 - 3 May 2025
Abstract
Adenoviral (AdV) vector-based vaccines employing the human AdV (HAdV) and chimpanzee AdV (ChAdV) vector platforms played a crucial role in combating the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the widespread use of these platforms, the prevalence of various HAdV types, and the resulting preexisting immunity have
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Adenoviral (AdV) vector-based vaccines employing the human AdV (HAdV) and chimpanzee AdV (ChAdV) vector platforms played a crucial role in combating the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the widespread use of these platforms, the prevalence of various HAdV types, and the resulting preexisting immunity have significantly impacted the vaccines utilizing these vector platforms. Considering these challenges, the bovine AdV type 3 (BAdV-3) vector system has emerged as a versatile and innovative platform for developing next-generation vaccines against infectious diseases. Inherent attributes like a high transduction efficiency, large transgene insertion capacity, broad tissue tropism, and robust induction of innate immunity add significant value to the BAdV vector platform for vaccine design. BAdV-3 vectors effectively elude HAdV-specific preexisting humoral and cellular immune responses. Additionally, BAdV-3 is low in pathogenicity for its host and is anticipated to be safe as a vaccine platform. This systematic review provides an overview of the development of BAdV-3 as a vaccine delivery platform and its application in designing vaccines for infectious agents of human and veterinary importance.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Vaccine Technology)
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Open AccessConference Report
Proceedings of the 7th Asia Dengue Summit, June 2024
by
Zulkifli Ismail, Duane J. Gubler, Tikki Pangestu, Usa Thisyakorn, Nattachai Srisawat, Daniel Goh, Maria Rosario Capeding, Lulu Bravo, Sutee Yoksan, Terapong Tantawichien, Sri Rezeki Hadinegoro, Kamran Rafiq and Eng Eong Ooi
Vaccines 2025, 13(5), 493; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050493 - 2 May 2025
Abstract
Background: The 7th Asia Dengue Summit (ADS), titled “Road Map to Zero Dengue Death”, was held in Malaysia from 5 to 7 June 2024. The summit was co-organized by Asia Dengue Voice and Action (ADVA); Global Dengue and Aedes-Transmitted Diseases Consortium
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Background: The 7th Asia Dengue Summit (ADS), titled “Road Map to Zero Dengue Death”, was held in Malaysia from 5 to 7 June 2024. The summit was co-organized by Asia Dengue Voice and Action (ADVA); Global Dengue and Aedes-Transmitted Diseases Consortium (GDAC); Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Tropical Medicine and Public Health Network (SEAMEO TROPMED); Fondation Mérieux (FMx); and the International Society for Neglected Tropical Diseases (ISNTD). Objectives: Dengue experts from academia and research, as well as representatives from the Ministries of Health, Regional and Global World Health Organization (WHO), and International Vaccine Institute (IVI), came together to highlight the crucial need for an integrated approach for dengue control and achieve the target of zero dengue deaths. Methods: With more than 50 speakers and delegates from over 28 countries, twelve symposiums, and three full days, the 7th ADS highlighted approaches to curb the growing danger of dengue. The summit included topics ranging from emerging dengue trends, insights from dengue human infection models, the immunology of dengue, and vaccine updates to antivirals and host-directed therapeutics. Conclusions: The 7th Asia Dengue Summit reinforced the importance of an integrated, collaborative approach to dengue prevention and control. By bringing together diverse stakeholders and launching innovative initiatives such as the Dengue Slayers Challenge, the summit advanced the regional and global agenda to achieve zero dengue deaths. The exchange of knowledge and strategies at the summit is expected to contribute significantly to improved dengue management and community engagement in affected regions.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Vaccines against Tropical and other Infectious Diseases)
Open AccessArticle
Pediatric Rotavirus Hospitalization Rates in the Military Health System Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic
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Matthew D. Penfold, Sarah Prabhakar, Apryl Susi, Michael Rajnik, Cade M. Nylund and Matthew D. Eberly
Vaccines 2025, 13(5), 492; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050492 - 2 May 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Rotavirus gastroenteritis is a vaccine-preventable disease that leads to hospitalization in children less than 5 years of age. Immunizations to prevent rotavirus have greatly altered the epidemiology of significant diarrheal illness. It has been reported that routine immunization rates in children were
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Background/Objectives: Rotavirus gastroenteritis is a vaccine-preventable disease that leads to hospitalization in children less than 5 years of age. Immunizations to prevent rotavirus have greatly altered the epidemiology of significant diarrheal illness. It has been reported that routine immunization rates in children were impacted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Contrary to this fact, rates of many childhood illnesses also decreased. Methods: The Military Health System Data Repository (MDR) contains the health records of all military beneficiaries. We queried the MDR before and during the COVID-19 pandemic to assess for alterations in immunization rates and hospitalization rates and to assess for risk factors for significant (hospitalizations) rotavirus disease. Results: Our study included a cohort of 1.27 million children under the age of 5 years old. There were 186 unique cases of rotavirus-related hospitalizations over the 5-year study period. During COVID-19 Years 1 and 2, there was a decrease in rotavirus-related hospitalizations compared to the pre-pandemic period. During Year 3, there was a return to the pre-pandemic level of rotavirus hospitalization rates. Patients in the northern United States were less likely to be hospitalized from rotavirus when compared to those in the south. The patients at greatest risk were the youngest beneficiaries. Rotavirus vaccination rates declined in this age group during all three years of the pandemic. Conclusions: As the pandemic resulted in less frequent rotavirus immunizations in the Military Health System (MHS), there was not an increase in rotavirus-related hospitalizations above the pre-pandemic baseline.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Vaccines against Infectious Diseases)
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Open AccessArticle
Genetic Sequencing of a Bacterial Pneumonia Vaccine Produced in 1916
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Yongli Xiao, Sebastian M. Gygli, Tomoko Y. Steen and Jeffery K. Taubenberger
Vaccines 2025, 13(5), 491; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050491 - 2 May 2025
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Background/Objectives: Bacterial vaccines were first developed and used in the late 1800s to prevent chicken cholera and anthrax. Bacterial pneumonia vaccines were widely used during the 1918 influenza pandemic, despite the influenza A/H1N1 virus not yet being identified. Studies showed that bacterial
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Background/Objectives: Bacterial vaccines were first developed and used in the late 1800s to prevent chicken cholera and anthrax. Bacterial pneumonia vaccines were widely used during the 1918 influenza pandemic, despite the influenza A/H1N1 virus not yet being identified. Studies showed that bacterial pathogens, including Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pyogenes, contributed significantly to fatal secondary bacterial pneumonias during the pandemic. In this study, we aimed to characterize the microbial composition of two ampules of a mixed bacterial influenza vaccine produced in 1916, which were labeled as containing killed Bacillus influenzae, Pneumococci, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Methods: DNA was extracted from two 1916-era vaccine ampules, and due to low DNA yields, whole genome amplification (WGA) was performed prior to construction of Illumina sequencing libraries. Deep sequencing was conducted, followed by bioinformatic analysis to identify bacterial DNA content. Consensus genomes were assembled for predominant species, and further analyzed for serotype, phylogeny, and antibiotic resistance genes. Results: The amount of recoverable DNA from these century-old vaccine ampules was limited. The sequencing results revealed minimal detectable S. pneumoniae DNA. The first ampule contained predominantly H. influenzae DNA, while the second vial primarily contained Enterococcus faecium DNA, in addition to S. pyogenes DNA. Consensus genomes for H. influenzae, S. pyogenes, and E. faecium were assembled and analyzed for serotype, phylogeny, and antibiotic resistance genes. Conclusions: This study presents the first genomic analysis of century-old bacterial pneumonia vaccine ampules from the 1918 influenza pandemic era. The findings provide a unique historical perspective on early vaccine formulations and highlight the limitations of early vaccine production.
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Open AccessArticle
Association Between Human Papillomavirus Vaccination and the Risk of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: A Cross-Sectional Study
by
Yifan Yin, Liang Ye, Min Chen, Hao Liu and Jingkun Miao
Vaccines 2025, 13(5), 490; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050490 - 30 Apr 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Concerns about the occurrence of autoimmune diseases are one of the main reasons influencing the uptake of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. Limited evidence exists regarding the relationship between HPV vaccination and the risk of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT). Therefore, the purpose
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Background/Objectives: Concerns about the occurrence of autoimmune diseases are one of the main reasons influencing the uptake of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. Limited evidence exists regarding the relationship between HPV vaccination and the risk of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the association between HPV vaccination and the risk of HT development in American women. Methods: Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 2007 to 2012, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 2717 women aged 18–59 with comprehensive data on relevant HPV vaccination status, HPV DNA vaginal swab results, and thyroid function. The relationship between HPV vaccination and the risk of HT development was explored by weighted logistic regression, while the association between HPV vaccination and thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb)/thyroglobulin antibodies (TGAb) levels was analyzed by weighted linear regression. Results: In the fully adjusted model, HPV vaccination was associated with an 87% decrease in the risk of developing HT (OR 0.13; 95% CI 0.02, 0.76). Furthermore, weighted linear regression demonstrated significant negative associations between HPV vaccination and TPOAb levels (−22.27 (−34.86, −9.68), p = 0.001) and TGAb levels (−7.53 (−14.88, −0.18), p = 0.045). HPV vaccination was significantly negatively correlated with the risk of HT development and TPOAb/TGAb levels. Conclusions: We advocate for adherence to vaccination guidelines, which could confer dual protective benefits against HPV and potentially reduce the risk of HT development.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Human Papillomavirus Vaccines)
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Open AccessArticle
Influenza Vaccine Uptake and Associated Hospitalization Risk in Older Adults with or Without Dementia: Differences Between at Home-Living and Nursing Home Residents in Lombardy, Italy
by
Lorenzo Blandi and Carlo Signorelli
Vaccines 2025, 13(5), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050489 - 30 Apr 2025
Abstract
Objective: Our population-based cohort study aims to compute the uptake of the influenza vaccine and the associated risk of hospitalization for respiratory diseases of infectious origin based on the residency setting and dementia status of people aged 65 or over. Methods: We conducted
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Objective: Our population-based cohort study aims to compute the uptake of the influenza vaccine and the associated risk of hospitalization for respiratory diseases of infectious origin based on the residency setting and dementia status of people aged 65 or over. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study on the whole population of residents aged ≥65 in Lombardy, the most populated Italian region. Using region-wide administrative data, we computed the seasonal prevalence of vaccination for influenza from 1 October 2022 to 30 April 2023. To estimate the risk of hospitalization, we applied Fine-Gray sub-distribution hazard models, accounting for the competing risk of death and adjusting for confounders. Results: Our study analyzed 2,420,279 individuals aged 65+ in Lombardy. Overall, 51.4% received an influenza vaccination in 2022–2023. Among residents living at home, 50.8% were vaccinated, while nursing home residents had an uptake of 74.0%. People living with dementia reported a vaccination coverage of 62.6%, and vaccination rates were higher among those residing in nursing homes than those who lived at home. The adjusted sub-hazard ratios (SHRs) showed higher hospitalization risks of 1.88 for unvaccinated individuals with dementia and 1.74 for unvaccinated individuals without dementia living at home. In nursing homes, the SHR for respiratory hospitalization was 2.20 for individuals without dementia and 2.40 for dementia patients. Vaccination reduced risks across all groups, but disparities persisted. Conclusions: People living with dementia were more likely to be hospitalized for respiratory diseases. However, they reported an influenza vaccination coverage that was below expectations and similar to the general population, both in nursing homes and home-living settings. Public health institutions should extend and mention dementia as a higher-risk condition.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue SARS-CoV-2, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses: Preventive Measures Affecting the Determinants of Health and Disease)
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Open AccessArticle
Vaccine-Induced Humoral and Cellular Response to SARS-CoV-2 in Multiple Sclerosis Patients on Ocrelizumab
by
Jelena Drulovic, Olivera Tamas, Neda Nikolovski, Nikola Momcilovic, Vanja Radisic, Marko Andabaka, Bojan Jevtic, Goran Stegnjaic, Milica Lazarevic, Nikola Veselinovic, Maja Budimkic, Sarlota Mesaros, Djordje Miljkovic and Tatjana Pekmezovic
Vaccines 2025, 13(5), 488; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050488 - 30 Apr 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The aim of our study was to investigate B cell and T cell responses in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) treated with ocrelizumab, a humanized anti-CD20 antibody, who were vaccinated with second and/or booster doses of various vaccine brands against COVID-19.
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Background/Objectives: The aim of our study was to investigate B cell and T cell responses in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) treated with ocrelizumab, a humanized anti-CD20 antibody, who were vaccinated with second and/or booster doses of various vaccine brands against COVID-19. Additionally, we detected the outcomes related to COVID-19 in PwMS after vaccination, based on follow-up for at least 12 months. Methods: We enrolled 91 PwMS on ocrelizumab and 42 healthy controls (HCs) in a prospective, single-center study, conducted at the Clinic of Neurology, UCCS, between January 2022 and October 2024. The serological responses were measured using the spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) Architect SARS-CoV-2 IgG Quant kit (Abbot), and cellular responses were measured by quantifying IFN-γ secretion in blood incubated with SARS-CoV-2 antigens. Results: A total of 58.2% (53/91) of PwMS on ocrelizumab and 100% of the HCs (42/42) were seropositive after a second or booster vaccination (p < 0.001), irrespective of the vaccine brand received. Anti-spike antibody levels were significantly lower in PwMS on ocrelizumab compared to the HCs (p < 0.001), again irrespective of the vaccine type. Interferon-γ responses were detected in 95.6% of the PwMS receiving ocrelizumab therapy and 97.6% of HCs after vaccination (p = 0.570). In our cohort, PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections after vaccination occurred in a similar proportion of the PwMS (45/91, 49.5%) and HCs (15/32, 46.9%) (p = 0.139). Most of the PwMS (36/45, 79.2%) and HCs (13/15, 87.8%) had COVID-19 of mild severity. Conclusions: PwMS treated with ocrelizumab developed diminished humoral and robust cellular responses following two and three SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations. The obtained immunity after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination may translate into lower incidence and severity of COVID-19.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effectiveness and Safety of Vaccines in Special Populations)
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Open AccessArticle
Safety and Immunogenicity of the Attenuated Yellow Fever Vaccine in Several Neotropical Primate Species
by
Nayara Ferreira de Paula, André Duarte Vieira, Daniel Oliveira dos Santos, Lucas dos Reis de Souza, Carlyle Mendes Coelho, Herlandes Penha Tinoco, Paula Cristina Senra Lima, Rafael Otávio Cançado Motta, Valéria do Socorro Pereira, Marcelo Pires Nogueira de Carvalho, Camilla Bayma Fernandes, Adriana de Souza Azevedo, Matheus Soares Arruda, Thais Alkifeles Costa, Betania Paiva Drumond, Fabiola de Oliveira Paes Leme, Marcos da Silva Freire, Tatiane Alves da Paixão, Ayisa Rodrigues Oliveira and Renato Lima Santos
Vaccines 2025, 13(5), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050487 - 30 Apr 2025
Abstract
Background/Objective: Yellow fever (YF) is an acute infectious disease caused by the yellow fever virus which is transmitted by mosquitoes. Neotropical primates are susceptible to infection, which is often presented as epizootic outbreaks. The aim was to evaluate and characterize the immune response
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Background/Objective: Yellow fever (YF) is an acute infectious disease caused by the yellow fever virus which is transmitted by mosquitoes. Neotropical primates are susceptible to infection, which is often presented as epizootic outbreaks. The aim was to evaluate and characterize the immune response against YF in different species of neotropical primates from the Belo Horizonte Zoo. Methods: Vaccine 17DD was administered to 24 neotropical primates, with a single subcutaneous dose. Clinical exams, RNAemia, and detection of IgG and neutralizing antibodies against YFV were performed. In addition, an ethogram was performed to assess clinical changes and animal welfare. Results: At 4 days post-vaccination, RNAemia was detected in nine animals. There was seroconversion and persistence of immune response in Alouatta guariba clamitans, Sapajus xanthosternos, Saguinus imperator and Aotus infulatus. However, the vaccine was not immunogenic for Lagothrix cana. In Pithecia irrorata seroconversion did not persist long term, while the Ateles sp. had a transient immune response. No significant clinical manifestations were observed in any of the vaccinated animals. Conclusions: This study demonstrated a safe, immunogenic and persistent immune response induced by the attenuated 17DD vaccine strain in A. guariba clamitans, S. xanthosternos, S. imperator, and A. infulatus.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue A One-Health Perspective on Immunization Against Infectious Diseases)
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